ANGLOSAXON & NORTHUMBRIAN RUNES

Anglo-Saxon runes were in total 29. They had begun to develop in England as a consequence of the same linguistic changes that had brought to the appearance of the Younger Futhark in Scandinavia. They added four Frisian runes at the end of the third aett, and one additional rune. Northumbrian futhorc is even larger - they put four additional runes and formed the fourth aett - 'The aett of the Gods'. Both replaced fourth rune Ansuz with Os. That means mouth, but extends to language, and also combines with the meaning of Ansuz rune, although Ac, the twenty sixth rune is now the actual God rune. Some people prefer this row because more runes might give the better accuracy in divination, but, on the other side, some prefer the sixteen rune rows for exactly the opposite reason - more abstraction, connected with the divine.

ANGLOSAXON & NORTUMBRIAN FUTHORC
rune	name	sound	meaning
	fehu	f	cattle
	uruz	u/oo	aurochs
	thurisaz	th	thorn/thurs giant
	os	o	mouth/god
	raidho	r	chariot/journey
	kennaz	k/hard c	torch
	gebo	g	gift
	wunjo	w/v	joy
	hagalaz	h	hail
	nauthiz	n	need
	isa	i	ice
	jera	j/y	year/harvest
	eihwaz	ei	yew
	perthro	p	dicecup/lotbox
	elhaz	z/x	elk/protection
	sowulo	s	sun
	teiwaz	t	Tyr
	berkana	b	birch
	ehwaz	e	horse
	mannaz	m	man
	laguz	l	water
	inguz	ng	Ing
	othala	o	property/heritage
	dagaz	d	day
	ac	a	oak-tree
	aesc	a	god
	yr	j/y	bow of yew wood
	ior	io	water beast
	ear	i	earth-grave
	cweorth	q	cleansing fire
	calc	k	offering cup
	stan	st	stone
	gar	g	Gungnir the spear

GOTHIC RUNES

The Goths were one of the first people in Europe to use the runes. In fact, the oldest complete rune row was engraved in Gothic monument Kylver Stone. During their migrations, the Goths didn't cease to use the runes, although they accepted Roman deities.
In the fourth century, in the time of Christianization, a missioner Ulfila constructed a new alphabet starting from Gothic runes. He incorporated new meanings to the existing runes. For example, as the rune Urus meant primal strength, and referred also to the first of the three Norns (female aspect f this rune), so he added here a meaning of Eve - primal mother. Gothic Futhark was divided in three aetirr, just as the Elder Futhark, but Bishop Ulfila added an extra letter - Quairtra - it represents the fifth element, or quintenence of alchemy; it doesn't belong to any aett, but it bends the essences of each letter.
The Goths exiled Ulfila, but his followers succeeded in converting them to Christianity, so they willingly replaced their runes with Bishop's alphabet.

GOTHIC FUTHARK
rune	gothic rune name	Ulfila's alphabet name	sound	meaning
	faihu	fe	f	wealth
	urus	uruz	u	primal strenght
	thauris	thyth	th	thorn
	ansuz	aza	a	god
	raida	reda	r	motion
	kusma	chosma	k/c	illumination
	giba	gewa	g	gift
	winja	winne	w	joy
	hagl	haal	h	hailstone
	nauths	noics	n	need
	eis	iiz	i	icicle
	jer	gaar	j/y	year/season
	aihs	waer	e	yew
	pairthra	pertra	p	pot/womb
	algs	ezec	z	elk
	sauil	sugil	s	sun
	teiws	tyz	t	Mars
	bairkana	bern	b	birch
	egeis	eyz	e	horse
	mannaz	manna	m	man
	lagus	laaz	l	water
	iggws	enguz	ng	generative power
	dags	daz	d	day
	othal	utal	o/u	inherited property
	/	quairtra	q	cleansing fire

MEDIEVAL RUNES

The first part of the Dark Medieval Ages was represented by the Church-ruling all over the Europe. Heathens converted to accept one God, and now was the time for the Church to establish its government and that required extinction of every single sign of the old beliefs. Those were the ages of Inquisition in its greatest and most fearful form, but the northern parts of Europe weren't as threatened with it as France and middle Europe. For instance, the records of the pagan ways were not destroyed in that parts and, further on, the most important sources of the creation myths -the Eddas - were written in a medieval monastery! That is why it's not surprising that new rune symbols were invented and used in some parts of Germany and Dutch. The runic alphabets were, certainly, out of use, so these symbols don't seem to have formed any rows. They served as talismans, for protection and healing, and were associated with secretly worshipped deities. These runes weren't used for rune casting.

MEDIEVAL RUNES
rune	name	meaning
	ul	Frisian god Waldh/turning point
	ziu	thunderbolt of god Ziu
	wolfsangl	wolf-hook
	fyruedal	fire-fan/motivation
	wan/irings	Ginnungagap/emptiness
	Sol	godess Sol/sundisk
	wendhorn	phases of the moon
	Erda	Mother Earth

NORSE MYTHOLOGY

MYTHS
CREATION
YGGDRASIL
RAGNAROK

CREATURES
ETIN RACE
ELFS
NORNS & MEN
VANIR
AESIR
ASYNJUR

RUNES
INTRO TO RUNES
RUNIC ROWS
ancient runes
development
xx.century
YOUNGER FUTHARK
intro
meanings

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